PCAS 41— Archaeological Reports Archaeology of West Cambridge. South Cambridge. London: CBA, 93— Stroud, Glous. Tempus Pub, — Sheffield: Department of Archaeology and ramic supply in the Cambridgeshire region.
Prehistory, University of Sheffield. Roman Archaeol. Cambridge: Excavations on Castle Hill — Britannia 95— BAR British Series Oxford: Tempus Reparatum. Grant A. Archaeological Sites. BAR, 91— CAU Mss. CAU Ovis and Capra. Journal of Archaeological Science Report EAA Report Nene Valley Archaeological Trust. PCAS 13— Saugetierkundliche Mitteilungen — Oxford: Brit. Environs, South Cambridge. CAU Landscape Archives: , 19— Waldron eds.
The Workshop Site. Cambridge Chesterford. Archaeological Report No. Reports of the Lane, Cambridge. Cambridge: CAU. The Archaeology of York 15 3. London: CBA, — Britannia Monograph Series No. London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies. Payne, S Kill-off patterns in sheep and goats: the mandibles from Asvan Kale. Anatolian Studies — Payne, S Reference codes for wear states in the man- dibular cheek teeth of sheep and goats. Journal of Archaeological Science — The Ermine Street Excavations, — Hertford: HAT.
Schmid, E Atlas of Animal Bones. Amsterdam: Elsevier. In M Maltby ed. Oxford: Oxbow Books, — London: Thames and Hudson, — Britannia Monograph 7. PCAS 75— Von den Driesch, A A guide to the measurement of ani- mal bones from archaeological sites. Peabody Museum Bulletin 1. Cambridge Mass: Harvard University. A crouched ac. It may The village lies 1. Most of the terrace sands and gravels. Of particular inter- area of about 0. This revealed late Iron Introduction Age—early Roman ditches, pits and postholes, and a crouched human burial, which was not excavated at Northamptonshire Archaeology was commissioned the time.
The site was interpreted as being part of a by the Diocese of Ely to undertake an archaeologi- small rural settlement. There was considerable post- cal excavation on land to the rear of 6 Rectory Road, medieval disturbance on the eastern side of the site. A condition lar area of 0. A Archaeology Planning and Countryside Advice 3. Overburden of any archaeological deposits before their destruc- was stripped to reveal the natural, there being no sig- tion Thomas , and the work was undertaken nificant archaeological remains above this level.
Table 1. Summary of site chronology. Period date Nature of activity Early Bronze Age Isolated pit containing Rusticated Beaker pottery, human bone, animal bone late third millennium including aurochs , hazelnut shells and mistletoe wood.
Inhumation of older man in oval pit, accompanied by bone toggle. Late Iron Age-early Roman Probable ditched enclosure with internal divisions and scattered pits and postholes. Wild cattle became extinct in Britain A large oval pit, , was 3. The silty fills were all dark in colour, and A cattle rib had superficial cut marks, as did a the primary fill contained a range of materials. The sheep elements Seven struck flints included two burnt pieces and comprise fragments of three teeth, at least one from some crude flakes and irregular fragments, along a young animal, and a calcaneum with the epiphy- with a utilised and possibly lightly retouched blade sis unfused, also from a young animal.
The primary fragment. There is no suggestion of any special selec- fill also contained a human tooth, a worn upper left tion in this group. A small collection of animal bone, examined by There are also four very irregular pieces of fired clay Phillip Armitage, comprised cattle Bos and sheep similar in colour to the Beaker pottery, suggesting a Ovis , including a radius of an aurochs Bos primigen- common origin for the clay. Identification is based on its large size Proximal A soil sample from the primary fill, examined width, 92mm , which is comparable to identified au- by Pam Grinter, produced a considerable number rochs from Durrington Walls, Wiltshire Proximal of hazelnut Corylus avellana L shell fragments, as width, c.
General site plan. Early Bronze Age pit , section. This material indicated origins from toric period in Britain, this material is likely to be con- fairly slow-grown trees. Additional species included tamination from later activity. The latter occurred as fragments of narrow There are 93 sherds, largely from a single rusticated stem with radial measurements of 5mm.
Most of Beaker Fig. This was hand-built in a these species are likely to have been common in local fabric, 8—12mm thick, containing sparse small inclu- woodland but mistletoe is unusual in archaeological sions of quartz, up to 1mm diameter. Although the contexts. Mistletoe is parasitic on deciduous trees and extreme fragmentation is largely due to crushing, its presence here may be entirely incidental, perhaps some edges are oblique, indicating that it had bro- having been attached to some larger woodland tree.
It is poorly However, mistletoe has also had economic uses in the fired and quite soft and friable, with a brown core and past, as a fodder plant Troels-Smith and as a oxidised, orange to orange-brown surfaces. The rim source of bird-lime Mabey , and in some ancient sherds indicate a vessel diameter of around mm. It is difficult The upper fill contained a sheep tibia and to define the full decorative scheme, but the larger 18 fragments of human bone, examined by Sharon sherds indicate that there are multiple regular lines Clough.
The human bone is fragmentary but in a fair of deep fingertip impressions with single shallow, ob- condition, with some flaking of the cortical bone sur- lique fingernail impressions between. Fingertip and fingernail rusticated vessels are typical of those found in later Beaker assemblages Discussion in East Anglia and around the Fen edge. The vessel This early Bronze Age pit appears to have been iso- from Bluntisham is broadly paralleled by numerous lated, with no association with further pits or other examples from immediately east of the River Great contemporary activity, and there is no evidence of a Ouse, as catalogued by Bamford More recent ring-ditch or barrow nearby.
The site does not seem work has recovered further examples, often in asso- to have become a focus for later ritual or burial and ciation with classic Beakers. These examples include therefore contrasts, for example, with the Beaker classic and rusticated beakers from a group of pits at burials at Camp Ground, Colne Fen, some 3. In the same area as the pottery, there were con- Individual or small groups of early Bronze Age centrations of well-preserved charcoal, examined by pits, normally considered to be in a domestic context, Rowena Gale.
They weigh a total of 90g and include are not uncommon in the region, although the mate- fragments up to 10mm in radial cross-section, al- rial from the Bluntisham pit appears to be unusual in though most were considerably narrower.
The bulk its nature and diversity Garrow It would seem of the charcoal consisted of oak Quercus sp. Beaker pottery from pit 1, vessel with deep fingernail and deep fingertip impressions; 2, sherd with shallow fingertip and fingernail impressions.
Above right, Figure 5. Beaker sherds from pit , showing rows of alternating deep fingertip and fingernail impressions Scale 10 mm. The mis- tletoe might have been a fortuitous inclusion with the The burial other fuel debris, or it might be seen as part of the An oval pit or grave, , on the north-western side selected items.
Lying on the base of the pit was a bone and the pottery tends to be weathered and frag- crouched inhumation of a man, aged in his late 40s mented, suggesting a random input from adjacent Figs.
The body was lying on its right occupation Garrow , — However, the pot- side, face down with the head against the pit wall and tery from this pit was not weathered. At Fenstanton, facing to the south. It was tightly contracted and it 8km to the south-east of Bluntisham, a group of small seems likely that the legs had been bound in place.
These pits typically contained the arms had not been bound to the chest. A bone small groups of sherds from single vessels although toggle Fig. The pit single Beaker. These instances suggest the deliberate fill contained a single sherd of Iron Age pottery and deposition of material already in a sherd state Gibson no other finds, but a rib has been radiocarbon dated , It is of a male, aged 45—49 single pit at Bluntisham.
There is a healed rochs is thought to have become extinct in Britain hairline fracture on a rib fragment, with no evidence during the Bronze Age Cotton et al Iron Age inhumation, Above right, Figure 7. Iron Age inhumation, , scale 0. Both pieces have highly polished surfaces and, of the right ribs. Such lesions were believed to be in- where unbroken, polished edges as well.
A similar dicative of tuberculosis, but more recent studies eg object from Danebury, Hampshire Sellwood , Roberts et al suggest a much wider aetiology, fig. A curvilinear ditch, 69, in the northern part of The lower front teeth displayed very marked lines the site pre-dated the late Iron Age enclosure system of enamel hypoplasia, which is usually associated Fig.
The ditch was 1. Multiple bands It may have formed part of a sub-circular enclosure on the teeth of this individual indicate that he had at least 25m in diameter, and pottery from the ditch suffered two independent episodes of physical stress: indicates an early to middle Iron Age date. The en- the first around the age of two years and the second closure was therefore at least broadly contemporary around the age of four years.
It lay among the ribs, and had presum- Discussion ably been used to fasten clothing. It is 40mm long and A crouched body posture was the standard praxis in 12—14mm in diameter Fig. The central perforation Bronze Age and Iron Age burials, and persisted as a is 3mm in diameter and slightly conical on each face, minority rite throughout the Roman period Philpott which suggests that it had been cut, or at least fin- ished, using a pointed implement rather than by drill- ing through from one side only.
The surfaces of the toggle display signs of considerable polish as a result of wear. It is within the upper size range of examples recovered from Danebury Sellwood , Two bone fragments from lengths of rib bones from a large animal, such as a cow, were also recovered from among the human skeletal remains.
The larger piece, 70mm long by up to 38mm wide, and originally rectangular has a small circular perforation at either end. The smaller piece, 50mm long by 35 mm wide, Figure 8. Bone toggle found with inhumation While inhumation appears to have been a everted rim. The deposition of such burials within former storage Large amounts of animal bone, examined by pits is widely attested, and there are a number of ex- Phillip Armitage, were recovered from ditch The extraordinary large size of this den- cavated grave but, like many pit burials, the inhuma- tary indicates that it derived from a very large fish tion only occupied part of the available space, being probably of great age when caught for eating.
The set towards the southern side of the pit with the head anterior height of the dentary measures The Bluntisham haps also Burial 1 at that site Pryor , fig. At pike probably was at least mm in length if not Prickwillow Road, Ely, two crouched inhumations a greater than this as evidenced by comparison with young man and an older woman were found within the dentary from the modern specimen. Very large or on the margins of an Iron Age settlement Atkins pike have also been recorded from two other prehis- and Mudd The possibility that at Haddenham Iron Age Serjeantson et al Ditch 59 was 3.
It may have formed the perimeter of a sub-rectangular enclosure, but with such a short length lying within the exca- The settlement vated area this cannot be established with certainty. A slightly curv- the western edge, perhaps suggesting the presence of ing ditch, , ran west to east and at right-angles to a bank on this side. There was a shallow, flat-based a broad linear ditch, 59 Fig.
The pottery assem- recut through the upper fill, which followed the line blage, examined by Andy Fawcett, comprises of the earlier ditch, indicating a major episode of re- sherds, weighing 3. The vast majority of the pottery is typical of shallow at 0. Ditches sherds with little diagnostic data and are therefore 39 and , set at right-angles, were very similar in considered poorly dated.
Ditch ran parallel to ditch and 10m to the east it became very shallow, averaging 0. This ditch also contained late Iron Age deep. It may have formed either an internal sub- pottery.
Ditch , which butt-ended 2m from ditch division within a larger enclosure, or part of an ex- 39, contained Gallo-Belgic pottery first century AD. This ditch was the only context Two ditches, 63 and , ran on parallel north- with a useful pottery assemblage, containing some south alignments, which were slightly oblique to the sherds dated to the late Iron Age.
The fabrics late Iron Age ditches, and ditch cut two late Iron are wholly compatible with those encountered at Age ditches. Ditch 63 was 0. The form part of the late Iron Age boundary system was aban- assemblage from this feature is restricted to everted doned and replaced by a new system of ditches on a rim jars most of which are too small to be identified different alignment. The western ditch, 63, terminat- beyond their general class.
Nonetheless, three clear ed next to ditch 59, perhaps suggesting that this major forms are noted: an everted rim necked jar, a long boundary or enclosure ditch had been retained. In the northern part of the site, is the evidence of animal gnawing on proximal and oval pit contained Iron Age pottery. There were several tarsometatarsus. The epiphyseal ends of these bone clusters of postholes across the northern part of the elements exhibit tooth cusp puncture marks and site.
Fifteen postholes Group 40 formed a square small areas of surface destruction, with the most se- structure roughly 7m across. The plan form, and a vere destruction of bone structure seen in the distal nail with tapered rectangular-sectioned shank and articular condylar ends of the two tarsometatarsi. To the east there was a large dog was also recovered from pit , but, unlike the irregular cluster of postholes Group 3 , which in- goose, the bones were not articulated but were jum- cluded a line of five postholes running north-south, bled up, as if parts of a semi-decomposed carcass had possibly forming a fence-line.
No cause of death could be established from the skeletal remains but it is Early Roman pit with goose burial noteworthy that two of the cervical vertebrae exhibit On the northern edge of the site there was a large, chopping marks suggesting repeated blows to the left sub-circular pit, , 2.
Whatever the sharp implement used steep, well-formed edges and a curved base Figs. This pit holds the best verification of an early had not been delivered with sufficient force to cause Roman presence on the site. The pit fills contained decapitation. The surface markings on On top of the primary silting there was an articu- the skull indicate the animal was male, and this iden- lated goose skeleton Fig.
Above this there was a complex sequence Based on the length measurements in the limb of fills, including redeposited gravel, and , bones, the shoulder height in the Bluntisham dog is which was probably a result of rapid backfilling. There is no cephalic index The Bluntisham dog, how- sumption and it would appear the entire goose had ever, had a relatively narrow muzzle snout width been disposed of uneaten in the pit.
There is a prominent sagittal cal finds in any period. There rubbish dump at Alkmaar, The Netherlands Clason is a considerable degree of wear in the lower and , Further evidence of the unfortunate life his- It is therefore not possible to say with any degree of tory of the Bluntisham dog is provided by the pres- certainty whether the Bluntisham goose was a do- ence of a healed traumatic injury to the right side of mestic locally-reared bird or a wild grey-lag hunted the skull just above and behind the eye socket — there in surrounding marshes.
Roman pit , plan of goose burial and diagram of bones present. Figure Section of Roman pit The Roman goose skeleton in Pit , with wings raised scale 10 mm intervals. In time the ex- but these were poorly preserved. The animal bones ternal wound healed over but the impact injury left in showed the usual range of domestic animals for this its wake a shallow crater-like depression in the skull. There is perhaps an al- animal burials recorded from the early Roman pe- ternative explanation, which may be advanced if the riod in Britain.
While the burial of a complete goose Bluntisham dog had been a working dog deployed may be the first recorded instance of this practice in in herding livestock. Whilst the dog was assisting its Roman Britain, there are several examples of buried owner in moving cattle, one of the cows could have bird remains from both Iron Age and Roman sites, become sufficiently agitated to kick out at the head of and stray goose bones are even more common, hav- the dog in a defensive or aggressive action, causing ing been recovered from in excess of 30 sites across the observed lesion.
Roman Britain Parker , table 1. Dog burials are relatively common in both pe- Discussion riods. It is perhaps cavated material. There is no necks, around a central pottery vessel Alexander and particular indication as to the purpose of the pit, but Pullinger Other ritual deposits in the shrine it is of the form demonstrated elsewhere to have been included the skeleton of a complete horse, a bull and suitable for grain storage, and that may have been its a sheep, as well as numerous vessels.
The association original function. Burials in grain storage pits may relate , Hill , Green At Danebury, a small to offerings of gratitude for the safekeeping of grain but significant quantity of bird bones was also re- Green , , although in the Roman period the covered. There is Serjeantson , — This may represent a delib- also as strong Romano-Celtic association with heal- erate selection of birds that did not form part of the ing.
Miranda Green has between bird bones and special deposits of animals suggested that hunting and healing may have been Cunliffe op. Ravens have also been found conceptually linked with the notion of death and re- in Romano-British pits or wells, one curious exam- generation. While the significance of physical abuse have been commonly noted on Iron ravens in Celtic mythology is widely attested, there is Age and Roman dog skeletons, and the situation can- little to suggest what significance geese might have not be considered unusual Smith , Indeed, had.
It is un- gies on the skeletons, to an extent which suggests that clear whether this has relevance to Roman Britain. Dog burials are found on Iron Age and Roman sites Although the circumstances of the burials of the with varying frequency. A recent review by Kate Smith has drawn together much of the evi- Regional settlement dence. One of the more remarkable collections of bur- The settlement at Bluntisham lies within a region ials is the deposition of over complete dogs in the where Iron Age and Roman settlements are common area of a mansio in Godmanchester, Huntingdonshire.
Most information comes Many were buried in pairs, and one pit contained over from the gravel areas on the fen skirtland to the east 20 individuals. It is considered likely that the burials and south, from cropmarks, finds made casually or were foundation offerings, and this may have been unsystematically in gravel quarries in particular , the common motive for a number of dog burials else- and from modern excavations.
There is less informa- where Smith , 21—22; Woodward and Woodward tion from the higher ground where the records relate The early deposits from one of the central insu- mostly to occasional finds.
Numerous dogs, including one buried in an site, and third to fourth-century Roman coins from upright position, have come from pits in Insula IX at a similar area. These finds encompass a wide range Silchester Smith , 17— There are also Iron Age and Roman Webley There have been extensive investigations on the Clear evidence of settlement is relatively rare on fen edge to the east.
Both Iron Age and Roman set- the high ground, although recent excavations ahead of tlements have been mapped from aerial photographs housing development at Parkhall Road, Somersham, and excavated ahead of mineral extraction at the Camp have revealed early to middle Iron Age remains that Ground, Colne Fen complex Regan et al and the are clearly part of a much wider settlement Roberts Rhee Lakeside settlements Regan ; Appleby et al It is to be suspected that more sites of this , and a Roman settlement was excavated earlier nature await discovery.
Roman finds have also come at Fenland Edge, Earith White A large Roman from this area. Similar dense complexes of crop- and an ulna, together with a sheep burial Evans and marks and surface finds from the fen skirtland north Figure Iron Age and Roman sites in the Bluntisham area. There is considerable research interest in Beaker pits and a Bronze Age landscape at Fenstanton, assessing the degree of continuity from the Iron Age Cambridgeshire.
Roman military and administrative system upon the Alkmaar, van Boerderu tot Middeleeuwse Stad. Roman times. In R Regan C Evans cal project. Lowland Investigations ii : The Evaluation.
Any errors in summaris- Survey in a Prehistoric Landscape — London: ing their work are the responsibility of the editor. Archaeological Excavations at Colne Fen, Earith. Encyclopaedia of Palaeopathology. Archaeo-Ichthyological Studies. Proceedings Jones, G Evaluating the importance of cultivation and of the Cambridgeshire Antiquaries Society 1—14 collecting in Neolithic Britain.
Oxford: Oxbow ters. Climate indica- upon: a case study in bone modification. Circaea 9 1 : tors — Fodder plants. New Haven, Yale University c. Abingdon Oxfordshire — The discovery of a The underlying geology comprises River Terrace de- previously unknown settlement between the two surviving posits of sand and gravel in the area around the River villages is of particular significance since it indicates the Til in Tilbrook. This changes to glacial till deposits presence of long-lived activity from the sixth to ninth centu- on the rising ground outside Tilbrook and to Oxford ries.
Overall, the findings permit a revised understanding of Clays on the high ground along which most of the the history of each settlement, including processes of plan- pipeline now runs British Geological Survey The pipeline commences at Stow Longa which is situ- ated on the northern edge of a high ridge at between 68m and 71m OD Fig.
It then runs Introduction for c. The medieval village was split treatment works. It once lay within the soke of Spaldwick but is villages Fig. Subsequent now within the parish of Stow Longa Fig. The trial trenching took place over an area from just western part — Overstow or Upper Stow — was consid- south-west of Stow Longa village to just north-east of erably smaller and is recorded as being in the parish the settlement at Tilbrook, and consisted of fourteen of Kimbolton in all surviving documents, forming a evaluation trenches with a total length of m Figs parcel of the manor of that parish Page et al , In addition, the pumping stations and treat- It is likely, however, that this land was originally part ment works were subject to trial trench evaluation.
Upper Stow Road in Stow Longa, were subsequently excavated is recorded in two late sixteenth-century maps. The Fig. Investigations within Tilbrook village com- earlier map, which pre-dates c.
A number of routeways can be The site archive is currently held by OA East under seen to run parallel with or perpendicular to the natu- the site code MULSTL07 and will be deposited with ral ridge with the main track, Filman Waye, running the appropriate county stores in due course.
Location of the Anglian Water pipeline, showing cropmarks adjacent to the route. Soke for civil purposes, Stow Longa remained the Both the place name and its relationship with other ecclesiastical head, with Spaldwick forming a sepa- parishes and manors in the immediate area sug- rate village and Easton and Barham being dependent gest that a large pre-Conquest estate may have been chapelries Page et al , This estate had be- Pope on sixth February , and again on 5th January longed to Brithnoth, Ealdorman of Essex who died at Richardson , Its manor comprised the the Battle of Maldon in and who left two estates to rectory estate and advowson.
Stow Longa was the mother church of , , this wealth and importance being reflected this estate which consisted of Stow Longa, Spaldwick, in the fact that it attracted noteworthy individuals Easton, Little Catworth, Barham and Upthorpe, there- such as Thomas Wolsey who was prependary of Stow by forming a compact block of land on either side of Longa in — The estate remained the property the Ellington Brook Taylor , The present manor house lies at the east end of Stow itself, perhaps in the late eleventh or early of the village off Spaldwick Road Fig.
It was built twelfth century. Amongst the early remains is a pre-Conquest Tilbrook stone decorated with interlaced work Page et al , In it be- enclosure, measuring c. This village layout has largely survived but as William de Warenne also held the manor of into the modern period. Kimbolton … it is probable that their early history is The two small excavations were located adjacent identical, and that by Tilbrook, like Kimbolton, to two of the roads leading off the green Fig.
Tilbrook was later owned by the de Bohun though by the time of the Apportionment Map family, after which it was divided into three man- this had disappeared to be replaced by an open area ors. From the seventeenth of the honour of Kimbolton in at least Tilbrook manor Page , A third manor of It is likely that the original manor of Hardwick 2.
The Late Saxon and medieval layout of the village It was 1. The earliest maps all date from During the twelfth to fourteenth centuries Phase just before and after the enclosures of c. Adjacent excavation found an extensive clay floor, re- All three maps show that the centre of the village con- specting the position of the bank to the west. A few sisted of a large sub-rectangular space of c. AD — It ran on a slightly different alignment Previous archaeological work to earlier features and terminated to the west before Only three very small archaeological works have pre- reaching the bank.
Residual pottery was recovered viously been carried out within 1km of the pipeline from its backfill, with the contemporary pottery again route. A single evaluation took place at Manor Farm, dating to AD — Part of a large knife with Stow Longa on land directly to the south of Spaldwick holes in the tang for iron rivets that would have at- Road Fig.
This revealed a probable house platform adja- recovered. The cobbles were reasonably well laid the road, which may relate to a post-medieval plot and contained pebbles, chalk, flint and other stone as boundary Fig. It was originally tres to the north. The axe was fashioned from a worn thought that these remains might represent two dif- elongated alluvial cobble and was abraded and recor- ferent field systems, although a reappraisal of the evi- ticated.
Directly to the south of Spaldwick Road on the north-eastern edge of the village, a small excavation revealed a thin subsoil layer, perhaps the medieval Excavation results ground surface. This was overlain by a cobbled road surface and associated roadside ditch which were roughly parallel with the present road, lying 5m to Stow Longa the south of it. Finds from the road surface included a knife which has a bolster stop between the blade and Church Lane Fig.
A bank running parallel with and to the east of the lane remains visible as an earthwork Land between Stow Longa and Tilbrook c. This initial impression which were examined over a distance of c. The bank Roman settlement, probably a farmstead, which was was found to consist of a very compact mottled grey partly overlain by an Early to Late Saxon settlement yellow clayey silt. The three trenches were In the Middle Saxon period Phase 2 the bank was placed on the highest part of three natural undula- cut by a ditch running north to south, seem- tions Fig.
This was south-western end of Trench 12 and Excavation at Church Lane, Stow Longa. View of Trench 12 from the north-east, showing the elevated position of the previously unknown settlement, showing Tilbrook in the valley bottom in the distance.
Trench 15, positioned were recovered. A substantial Roman ditch was further to the east revealed only two shallow pits or found in Trench 14 measuring 2. Trench 18 was positioned to investigate the deep : this contained Roman pottery, animal bone settlement s recorded as cropmarks Fig.
Nearly half the Trench 12 exposed numerous features including a Roman pottery recovered from Trench 12 was found sequence of thirteen ditches which varied in depth, residually in Anglo-Saxon features.
The range of fab- to a maximum of 0. These could be rics and forms recovered is limited as the assemblage attributed to the Roman and Early, Middle and Late consists entirely of locally produced utilitarian grey Saxon periods, with the most substantial examples or black reduced and white oxidised vessels. The being Roman and Late Saxon. The ditch alignments most common fabric is a gritty oxidised ware, found appear to have remained fairly static over time, run- in the form of a jar and a flagon.
This utilitarian fabric ning north-east to south-west, or perpendicular to is commonly found in the western Fen basin during this in a north-westerly to south-easterly direction. Their dat- , ; Cameron , Also common were ing is uncertain since only one example contained oxidised and reduced sandy coarse wares, along with a sherd of Roman pottery.
Two other examples cut shell tempered wares. These fabrics are typical of into a Roman ditch. They were all of sub-rounded kilns must have existed in the vicinity. Settlement remains found between Stow Longa and Tilbrook, showing the ditches found in Trenches 12— Most of the sherds are large Both the Roman and Early Saxon animal bone con- and in good condition.
The group of pottery from one sisted of a few fragments of butchered cattle lower Early Saxon ditch is not only quite large, but limb elements indicating butchery waste. Middle also represents a small number of vessels. Cattle are also the most numerous species in lar groups, incised lines and fingernail impressions the Late Saxon contexts along with smaller amounts Fig. The decorative scheme is very typical of East of pig and sheep remains including a ram skull.
In Anglian pottery of the sixth century Myres The only evidence of a double-sided composite antler comb — its narrow wild taxa came from Middle Saxon deposits which width and straight edge are features common to both contained a roe deer calcaneus and a duck femur.
Middle and Late Saxon double-sided combs. Two Agriculture and related activity was meagrely at- iron fibre-processing spikes from the same context tested by the presence of a few lava quern fragments are similar in section and length to wool-comb teeth and a few barley Hordeum sp. An un- Saxon pit.
Fragments of daub included several pieces with wattle or twig impressions. Trenches 1 and 4 lay in an allotment field, adjacent Of interest was a single piece of smelt base slag and to the west of All Saints Church Fig. Within 0. Trench 1 was a north to south aligned ditch, 0. Various wide and 0. This ditch did not continue into impressions and clay inclusions indicate that it was Trench 4 to the south, and must therefore have termi- removed from the hearth after several smelt uses but nated or changed direction.
Two north-west to south- before it blocked the tap slag of the smelt. Evidence east ditches, c. Stamped Early Saxon pottery from Trench An be significant as the Stow Longa church is perched east to west ditch was also found in Trench 4 which on a high promontory with a steep slope downwards was c. Pottery from the directly to the north-west towards a stream crossing ditches comprised sherds of hand-made grano-di- Fig. This route may have been more important lo- oritic and Middle Saxon Ipswich ware, with a single cally before Stow became a second-order settlement Late Saxon Thetford ware sherd coming from the pos- tied to Spaldwick to the east: the excavated evidence tulated recut.
This possible late ditch also contained a indicates a Middle Saxon or earlier date for the route. The occupation remains recorded here were almost In the fields to the north, Trenches 3 and 5 each certainly initiated after the demotion of Stow to the contained single examples of east to west aligned status of a hamlet Berewick of Spaldwick, which ditches which were 0.
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Executive Summary PDF. Key Findings PDF. Foreword PDF. Overview PDF. It also provides a download link for a PDF of the dial for your chosen position. Although the many towns and cities in southern Scotland have been covered with sundials at 0. For every 0. Dundee, simply tilt the southern edge 0.
For locations to the north of Dundee tilt the northern edge upwards.
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